英语中的状语从句主要有九种，分别为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式
12.1 时间状语从句
- when，意思相当于at the time 在…时刻，因此从句的谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表某一时刻的动作，在接延续动词时往往采用过去进行时，表示过去一段时间发生的动作
- 主句一般过去时+从句一般过去时，表从句先发生
- I started my dinner when he left.
- He left when I got there. 我到了之后他才开
- 主句一般过去时+从句过去完成时，更强调从句先发生
- I started my dinner when he had left.
- He left when I had got there.
- 主语过去进行时+从句一般过去时，用于描述过去的一个长动作中发生的短动作
- I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
- 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时，从句用一般现在时表将来
- I’ll tell him when he comes back.
- 主句一般过去时+从句一般过去时，表从句先发生
- while，作时间连词时，表during that time，在一段时间发生动作，因此谓语通常为延续动词
- The doorbell rang while we were watching TV.
- until，可以作时间连词接从句，也可以作介词接时间名词，表主句动作一直持续到某个时间点，因此从句谓语必须为短暂性动词
- 延续动词+until+短暂动词或时间点
- Until I came back, he was waiting for me at my home.
- We will be away from my office until next Tuesday.
- 否定词+短暂动词+until+短暂动词或时间点
- He didn’t leave the office until his boss came back.
- I did not realize how special my mother was until I become an adult.
- 延续动词+until+短暂动词或时间点
- 表示 一…就… 的结构
- 从句动作先于主语动作(从句动作发生后，主句动作紧跟发生)，主句从句时态一般一致(如主句过去从句过去，主句将来从句现在)，as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly
- We will leave as soon as it stops raining.
- It began to rain immediately I arrived home.
- 主句动作先于从句动作，hardly…when, no sooner…than, 一般表过去动作，主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句一般用过去时
- No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
- Hardly had the storm started when all the lights went out.
- 从句动作先于主语动作(从句动作发生后，主句动作紧跟发生)，主句从句时态一般一致(如主句过去从句过去，主句将来从句现在)，as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly
12.2 地点状语从句
- 通常由where引导，用来表达主句动作发生的场所，注意区别关系副词引导的定语从句
- Stay where you are.
- A driver should slow down where there are schools.
- Where there is a will , there is a way.
12.3 原因状语从句
- 常见连词的用法
- because语气最强，可以回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的
- My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
- since, as表示人们已知的事实，是不需要强调的原因，通常放在句首，翻译为既然
- Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.
- for表推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明
- It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
- because语气最强，可以回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的
- 用介词表示因果关系
- 常用介词有because of, due to, owing to, 后面只能接名词，不能接从句
- We had an accident due to his carelessness.
- Owing to his carelessness we have an accident.
- 常用介词有because of, due to, owing to, 后面只能接名词，不能接从句
12.4 目的状语从句
- 英文中常用来引导目的状语从句的连词有so that, in order that, that, 且在从句中常含有情态动词。目的状语从句一般置于句尾，但为了强调目的状语从句时，可将so that, in order that引导的从句置于句首
- We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.
- In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off the TV.
12.5 结果状语从句
- 常用的引导结果状语从句的连词有so…that, such…that
- 连词so…that引发结果状语从句，so后面接形容词或副词
- The moon is so large that several million people could live there.
- He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he convinced industrial and business management that they are true.
- 连词such…that引导结果状语从句， such后面接名词
- He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him.
- 连词so…that引发结果状语从句，so后面接形容词或副词
- 结果状语从句一般置于主句之后，为了强调可以将主句中so/such引导的部分提到句首并倒装
- So fast does the light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
12.6 条件状语从句
- 常见连词if表如果, unless表如果不、除非
- Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they’ll love you back. Don’t expect love in return, just wait for it to grow in their heart, but if it doesn’t be glad it grew in yours.
- This will be useless unless you carry them out.
- 其他连词引导的条件状语从句，suppose (that), supposing (that), providing/provided(that), so/as long as, on condition that
- A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
12.7 让步状语从句
- 表让步的连词，though, although, even though, even if, 此时主句前不可用but，但可以用yet或still
- Although he tried out, (yet/still) he failed.
- Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
- 表让步的介词，despite, in spite of, for all, 后面接名词
- In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.
- 置于句首的while一般表示尽管
- While the government pushed for a total breakup of the software maker, Microsoft fought fiercely against any positions that would affect its ability to compete in the marketplace.
- as引导的倒转句表让步，倒装部分可以是形容词、副词、分词、名词
- Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.
- Again as he failed in doing this experiment, he didn’t lose his heart.
- Praised as he was, he remained modest.
- Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others.
- Odd though it sounds(让步状语从句), cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible(定语) consequence(主句1) of some respected ideas(限定词) in elementary particle physics(定语), and many astrophysicists have been convinced(主句2) for the better part of the of a decade(时间状语从句) that it is true(宾语从句).
12.8 比较状语从句
- 连词as引导的比较状语从句
- as+形容词+as，其中前一个as为副词，后一个as为连词(或介词)
- The work is not as difficult as you think.
- as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as，其中第一个as作为副词来修饰形容词，注意形容词要置于不定冠词之前
- Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social as the growth of electronics.
- 从句可以采用倒转以保持句子平衡，as…as+助动词+主语
- The computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as did the Industrial Revolution.
- as+形容词+as，其中前一个as为副词，后一个as为连词(或介词)
- 连词than引导的比较状语从句
- 可比性问题，两个同类事物才可以比较
- 主句中必须要有比较级形式出现
- 从句可以用全部或部分倒转以保持句子平衡
- Ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
- 表示倍数比较的三种句型
- 倍数+比较级，A is three times bigger than B
- 倍数+as…as，A is three times as big as B
- 倍数+名词，A is three times the size of B
- The more…, the more句型结构
- 比较级部分在各自的分句中都充当一定成分，相当于将分句中的某个成分变为比较级之后提到句首
- 从结构上来看，前半部分为从句，后半部分为主句，因此前半句常用现在时，后半句常用将来时
- 翻译时，一般按照正常的语序，先翻译从句，再翻译主句
- The more exactly you use your words, the more easily people will understand you.
- The more exact your words are, the easier it is for people to understand you.
12.9 方式状语从句
- 常用引导词有as, like, as if, as though, the way等
- He looks as if he is an actor.
- When in Rome, do as the Romans do.