分词包含现在分词和过去分词,主要需要掌握意义、作用和用法。
23.1 分词的意义
- 现在分词表主动的、正在进行的动作,或是主动的一般的动作
- the sleeping boy, falling leaves, the rising sun
- the exploiting class, a puzzling problem
- 及物动词的过去分词表被动一般或被动完成,不及物动词的过去分词表主动完成
- the exploited class, a respected writer, the broken cup
- the sunken ship, fallen leaves, departed friends, a developed country
- 从语态角度,现在分词表主动意义,与被修饰名词构成主谓关系,而过去分词通常表被动意义,与所修饰名词构成动宾关系
- 从时态角度,现在分词往往表示正在进行的动作,或是一般动作,而过去分词表示一般的动作或完成的动作,若表示被动进行要用being done
23.2 分词的作用
- 分词做状语
- 单独的分词作状语位于句首、句中、句尾,分词的最主要用法,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,否则会变成垂悬分词
- Good relationships are hard to find and once developed should be nurtured.
- 名词+分词作状语,名词表分词的逻辑主语
- Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
- With+名词+分词作状语,一般只表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例,或表示原因
- The old man often takes a walk after supper with his fog following him.
- 固定结构,可以不满足主语一致性
- 副词+speaking,generally speaking, strictly speaking
- 分词+介词,judging from, allowing for
- 分词+that,considering that, supposing that
- 分词短语做状语可保留相应的连词,相当于简化了的状语从句
- Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
- After talking to you, I always feel much better.
- 单独的分词作状语位于句首、句中、句尾,分词的最主要用法,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致,否则会变成垂悬分词
- 分词作定语
- 单个分词作定语需要前置,分词短语作定语需要后置
- Please enclose a stamped addressed envelope.
- Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer stabbed outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man wearing a hooded top seen running away from the scene.
- 后置定语的三种被动结构:to be done表将来,being done表进行,done表一般过去或完成
- 单个分词作定语需要前置,分词短语作定语需要后置
- 分词作补足语
- 作补足语的分词一般用于感觉分词后,如find, hear, smell, observe, watch, notice
- We saw the sun rising from behind the trees.
- 不定式做补足语强调动作的正在进行,而不定式强调动作的全过程
- I watched them climb the tower.
- I watched them climbing the tower.
- 作补足语的分词一般用于感觉分词后,如find, hear, smell, observe, watch, notice
- 分词作句子成分的注意点
- 注意区分分词作定语还是状语
- The government is to ban payment to witnesses by newspapers seeking to(定语修饰newpapers) buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.
- 分词的完成式having done和having been done不能做定语,不及物动词(grow)的过去分词只能做前置定语,不能做状语(其完成式可以)
- Grown in a small village, I developed a great interest in …
- Having grown in a small village, I developed a great interest in …
- 注意区分分词作定语还是状语
23.3 分词的完成式
由于过去分词本身包含了被动含义,因此分词只有时态变化,而且仅有一种完成式having done, having been done。
当分词所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,则需要使用分词的完成,一般表现为持续性或重复性
- Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.
23.4 分词构成的复合形容词
可以用分词和名词、形容词、副词构成复合形容词,在进行构造时,必须搞清楚两类逻辑关系:外部关系和内部关系。
外部关系表示分词与其所修饰名词之间的关系,外部关系为主动关系应使用现在分词,被动关系应使用过去分词;
内部关系表示构成复合名词之间的关系。
- 现在分词构成的复合形容词
- 名词+及物动词的现在分词,名词为分词的逻辑宾语,ice-thawing visit, peace-keeping force
- 名词+不及物动词的现在分词,名词作为分词的逻辑状语,a night-walking animal, a winter-blooming plant
- 形容词+系动词的现在分词,形容词做形式表语,a good-looing man, a easy-going person
- 副词+不及物动词的现在分词,副词作形式状语,hard-working people, naturally-occuring substances
- 过去分词构成的复合形容词
- 名词+及物动词的过去分词,名词作形式主语,password-protected files, man-made fibers, state-owned enterprises(国有企业)
- 形容词+及物动词的过去分词,形容词做形式补语,a democratically-elected prime minister, a newly-built library
- 其他形式的复合形容词
- 形容词+名词+ed,warm-hearted people, narrow-minded people, blue-eyed boy, long-haired girl
- 名词+数词+e,two-faced person, three-legged table,