2.1 限定词的分类
- 冠词:the, an, a
- 基数词和序数词:one/first, two/second, three/third
- 指示限定词:this, that, these, those
- 物主限定词:my, your, his, her, our, their
- 数量限定词:a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, some, any, enough, several, most, all
- 个体限定词:each, every, either, neither, both
- 名词属格:Mary’s, John’s
2.2 冠词
- 冠词的位置与读音
- 不定冠词:a - 用在以辅音为开头的名词前,an - 用在以元音为开头的名词前,a university, an honor
- 定冠词:the[ðə] - 用在以辅音为开头的名词前,the[ði] - 用在以元音为开头的名词前
- 冠词用法要点
- 区别不可数名词、单数名词和复数名词,对应不同的冠词搭配方法
- 区别特指与泛指,泛指 - 表示一类事物或某类事物的总称,特指 - 表某类事物中的具体某一个或某一些
- 结合篇章和语境
四种泛指表达形式
- a/an+单数名词表泛指,表一类事物中任何一个有代表性的成员,可以用any替换a/an,A child needs plenty of love.
- 不可数名词不加冠词表泛指,Water is essential for life. Life is hard sometimes. Man(mankind) is social animal.
- 复数名词不加冠词表泛指,Tigers are becoming almost extinct. Young babies need a lot of sleep.
the+单数名词可以表泛指, 在语气上显得正式或文雅,需结合语境理解,The tiger is becoming almost extinct.
一般来说the+复数名词表特指,但如下两种情况可以表泛指:
- the+国籍名词 表示泛指某国、某民族的人,the Chinese, the British
- the+形容词 表一类人, the rich, the poor, the wise
定冠词the的特指用法
特指,表根据说话者和听者共有的知识,或根据上下文,可以识别的独特的某物。
- 情景/文化特指
- 一般常识,表独一无二的事物,the earth, the universe, the President, the Pope, the Renaissance
- 注意:一些特殊名词前不加the,nature, socitey, space, man, history
- 具体知识/局部情景,表小范围内是独一无二的,the church, the library
- 即时情景用法,表说话时刻双方唯一听到/看到的,The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?
上下文共指
直接前指,第一次出现的单数名词用a/an,再次出现用the,即a与the有互指关系,I had a banana. I ate the banana.
注意:在文学作品中,作者往往在一开头就the,来使读者有身临其境的感觉
间接前指,所指对象间接成为听话者知识的一部分,I went to New York last week. The traffic is awful.
后指/结构特指,被后置定语修饰的名词前面需要用定冠词the,The brick house on the corner is mine.
注意:并非所有后置定语修饰的名词都需要用the,还要看名词是否表达特指含义
- A rich person is not one who has the most.
- I think he is the one who can help you.
不定冠词a/an的用法
不定冠词仅用于限定单数可数名词,通常用于所指事物在前并未提到或说话者/听者对其不熟悉的情况。
泛指与非泛指用法
- 在主语中,具有泛指功能,表一类事物中任何一个有代表性的成员,A tiger is a dangerous animal.
在补足语中,表示分类(职业),具有描述功能,Bill is an engineer.
注意:若人或物的身份是独一无二的,则不用a/an,二用the,或常常省略冠词
在宾语中,具有所指功能,既可以表示定指,也可以表示不定指,需结合语境,I want to read a book.
- 总结:
- 对于定冠词the,有特指和泛指,主要表特指,次要表泛指
- 对于不定冠词a/an,不表特指,主要表泛指以及定指/不定指的指代关系
不定冠词与不可数名词
特殊情况下可用不定冠词限定不可数名词
- a/an+不可数名词,表示一类或一种,This seems to be an excellent oil.
- a/an+饮料类不可数名词,表一杯,I’d like a beer, please.
- a/an+不可数名词,发生意义改变,a glass(一个玻璃杯), an iron(一个电熨斗)
不定冠词与数次one
在一些情况下,one可作为a的强调形式来代替a
- 强调数量“一”时用one,表加强语气和强调,David took one mouthful garlic and shot out of the room.
- 用于准确的对照数字,A hundred grams of flour to one egg.
讲故事或经历时用one,强调人或物,One night there is a terrible storm.
在一些情况下不能用one来替换定冠词
表泛指时不能替换,A shoygun is not good.
- 表度量时不能替换,The rent is $100 a week.
- 表数量的固定搭配中的不定冠词不能替换,a few, a little, a number of
不定冠词与this
在口头表述中,当说话者想强调某个人或某件事,并希望它们变得生动时,可以用this取代a(正式场合不能用)
冠词的特殊含义与用法
用/不用冠词的有意义区别
在英文中,有一类表示家居生活和社会事业机构的名词,在有冠词修饰和没有冠词修饰的两种不同情况下,其含义是不同的
- go to bed(上床睡觉), go to the bed(到床边)
- In hospital(住院), in the hosptial(在医院里)
- go to sea(出海航行), go to the sea(去海边)
- by sea(坐船), by the sea(在海边)
- in office(上台执政), in the office(在办公室)
- by day(白天), by the day(按天计算)
- take place(发生),take the place(代替)
- men of age(成年人), men of an age(同龄人)
- out of question(毫无疑问), out of the question(不可能)
- 其他使用冠词的场合
- 形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only做形容词时,前面需要用the,the only/best way to cope with the problem
- 乐器、乐团、合唱团体前面加the,the Beatles, play the piano
- 定冠词the+姓氏s,表示夫妇或一家人,the Smiths
- 表强调时用the,Just the one.
其他不用冠词的场合
- 表示独一无二的职业,且位于补足语(主补、宾补、表语)或同位语位置,He was elected President in 1879.
- 表示球类、棋类运动项目的名词前面不加冠词,play football, play chess
- 一些特殊名词在特定泛指含义下不加the,nature, socitey, space, man, history
- 与当前时间有联系的星期前不加the,on Monday
- 一般的四季(非特指一段时间)不加the,in spring, Winter is coming.
- 表昼夜的各段时间dawn, sunrise, sunset, noon, dusk, night, midnight出现在at, by, after, before之后不加冠词,at night
一般日常惯例的用餐(非特指)不加冠词,have rice for dinner
by之后的交通工具不加冠词,by bus, by bicycle, on foot
by之后的通信工具不加冠词,by radio, by telephone
平行结构中的名词不加冠词,face to face, back to back, hand in hand
2.3 数量限定词
a few, few, a little, little
- 与名词的搭配关系
- a few, few后面只能接复数名词,a few days
- a little, little后面只能接不可数名词,a little water
- 表达含义
- a few, a little为肯定,表有一些,His theory is difficult, but a few people understand it.
- few, little为否定,表很少、几乎没有,His theory is difficult; few people understand it.
- 与only或very的搭配关系
- only + a few/a little,表仅有
- very + few/little,表强调
some/any
- 与名词的搭配关系
- some与any均可以不可数名词及可数名词复数连用,表示一些,I need some medicine.
- some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,I don’t have any friends here.
- 在疑问句中若期待对方正面的回答或鼓励对方,用some,Would you like to give me some advice?
特殊用法
- any + 单数名词,表任何一个,You can catch any bus.
some + 单数名词,表不确定的某一个,Some person at the gate is asking to see you.
注意:some的这一用法可以表示强烈的感情色彩,往往表示缺乏兴趣,甚至是蔑视的态度
I don’t want to spend my life in some lonely little village.
some + 数词 + 名词,表大约,暗指是一个给人印象深刻的很大的数字
2.4 个体限定词
each/every
- 与名词的搭配关系
- each和every后面都只能接单数可数名词,也因此称为个体限定词,谓语动词需要用第三人称单数
- Each boy has a gift. Every man is the master of his own fortune.
- each与every的差异
- each可用作代词,every只能作用限定词,Each has a gift.
- each表两个或两个以上的事物,every表三个及三个以上的事物,There are a lot of trees on each side of the street.
- every可以与数词连用表间隔,each不可以,every two days = every other day
anther/other
- 与名词的搭配关系
- anther只能接单数名词,不能接复数名词或不可数名词,表另一个、再一个,another day
- other可以接单数名词、复数名词、不可数名词,表不确定的另外的、其余的人或物,the other boy
与数词的搭配关系
another + 数词 + 复数名词,表在原有基础上的延续,强调数量概念,We will stay here for another three days.
补充:another + 数词 + 复数名词 = 数词 + more + 复数名词,three more days
数词 + other + 复数名词,表其他的、另外的,强调不同的类别,I am busy from Monday to Thursday, but I can come on three other days.
- Other的其他用法
- other前加其他限定词,some/any/every/enough/one/two/no/many/his/my + other,some other reference books, no other tools
- other/others,other只能作限定词,后面必须接名词,others只能作代词,必须单独使用
- the other + 名词表示限定范围内的剩下其余的,为确定的,Of all metals, only mercury is liquid and other metals are solid.
either/neither
- 与名词的搭配关系
- 两者都与单数名词连用,谓语动词用单数形式,Either day is OK. Neither day is OK.
- 两者均不能与其他限定词连用
- 含义比较
- either表示两个中的任一个,或两个中的每一个,either side of the river = both sides of the river
- neither只表示两者都不
- either … not = neither
- 用作代词
- either/neither用作代词时,不直接接名词,单独使用或接of短语,Either is OK.
- either/neither + of + 限定词 + 名词复数 + 单数谓语动词,Either of the answers is right
2.5 限定词的总结
限定词中的二和三
- 都 - both(either)只表示两者都,all表示三者接以上都
- 都不 - neither表示两者都不,none表示三者及三者以上都不
- 另一个 - the other表示限定范围内两者中的另一个,通常构成 one … the other;another表示不确定的另一个,必然是指三者及以上的另一个
- 每一个 - each表示两个以上的每一个,every表示三个以上每一个
限定词与可数/不可数名词
- 只与单数名词搭配的限定词:a, an, each, every, either, neither, another, one
- 只与复数名词搭配的限定词:both, few, a few, fewer, a number of, many, several, these, those, two以上的基数词
- 只与不可数名词搭配的限定词:little, a little, less, much, a bit of, a great amount/deal of
- 可接不可数名词与复数名词的限定词:a lot of, lots of, plenty of, more, most, all
- 可接单数名词、复数名词与不可数名词的限定词:any, some, no, the, 物主限定词(your, my), 名词属格
限定词与of短语
英文中很多数量限定词和个体限定词可以用作代词,后面可以接of短语,结构一般为
- 数量/个体代词 + of + 特指限定词 + 复数名词或不可数名词
- all/most/some/any of + 特质限定词 + 复数名词或不可数名词
- many/a few/few/several/both/two/three of + 特质限定词 + 复数名词
- Much/a little/little of + 特质限定词 + 不可数名词
- 特指限定词只能为如下四类的其中之一,不能没有且不能出现两个
- 指示限定词,this, that, these, those
- 物主限定词,my, your, his, her, its, their, our
- 名词所有格,Mike’s, Mary’s
- 定冠词,the
- all和both的特殊用法
- All students are smart = All of my students are smart = All my students are smart.
- Both students are smart = Both of my students are smart = Both my students are smart.
- 不定代词与of短语
- 不定代词:none, someone, anyone, everyone以及其分开形式no one,
- someone, anyone, everyone, no one不能接of短语
- some one, any one, every one, none可以接of短语
2.6 限定词之间的位置关系
根据限定词在名词前的位置,分为前位限定词 - 中位限定词 - 后位限定词,all my many friends, both the last students
- 前位限定词 - 说明名词的数量,互相排斥不共存
- 表倍数关系的数量限定词,half my salary, twice my salary
- 表几分之几的限定词,one third my salary
- 个体限定词,all my salary
- 中位限定词 - 彼此排斥不共存
- 冠词,the
- 指示限定词,this, that, these, those
- 物主限定词,my, your, his, her, our, their
- 名词属格,Tom’s, Jerry’s
- 后位限定词 - 可以共存
- 基数词或序数词,one/first, two/second, three/third, four/fourth
- 一般序数词,next, last, past, previous, subsequent, other, another
- 数量限定词,few, many, several, little, less, more
- 共存顺序:
- 序数词/一般序数词 + 基数词/数量限定词,the first two weeks
- 基数词/数量限定词 + other,two other people
- another + 基数词,another ten minutes